![]() In this paper, we will use “self” as an umbrella term that does not imply any one specific usage. 14, 15 However, MacIntyre has used “self” to reference the unity of a life 16 and Taylor has used “self” synonymously with “person” and “human agent.” 17 For both MacIntyre and Taylor, a self is something that is constructed, rather than experienced. 11, 12, 13 For instance, Locke used “self” to refer to a momentary entity with subjective, phenomenological experiences 10 many have followed him in this usage. “Self” is sometimes used in philosophy, but it is not defined consistently and philosophers have disagreed about whether that means that they should stop using it. 10 Hence, the criteria for personal identity might be different from the criteria for identity of animals and inanimate objects. A “person” is a normative notion, introduced by Locke, of a rational being who is a locus of moral accountability. It can equally be applied to objects, the classic example being whether a lump of clay and the statue that it becomes are the same thing. The problem of identity is the general one of what it is to persist over time. The word “identity” can be a false friend to psychiatrists because, in the philosophical discussion of personal identity, both “person” and “identity” are technical terms. ![]() ![]() Philosophers also use the concept of identity, although they do so in different ways and contexts. Patients identify only with their present affective states and have no sense of their continuity over time, leading Fuchs to describe the phenomenology of identity in BPD as an “atemporal mode of existing.” 9 This can take the form of extreme and polarized self‐conceptions, feelings of puzzlement about changes in the self, lack of a coherent image of self, explosive shifts into states where the perception of self is distorted and shows weak correspondence with external reality, a lack of capacity to flexibly adapt oneself to changes, rapidly changing roles and relationships, discontinuity in self‐experience, and no clear concept of self‐development. 8 Clinically, the notion of identity disturbance corresponds to severe difficulties in describing personal features of oneself and others, as well as problems in developing a sense of self with beliefs, interests, and life goals that are stable over time. However, the classification of identity disturbance is diffuse, covering a wide range of indicators. Self‐direction: instability in goals, aspirations, values, and career plans.
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